The world is once again turning its attention to an emerging health concern: Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV). While the virus has been studied since its discovery in 2001, recent surges in cases across Asia, particularly in China, have sparked both curiosity and concern.
Table of Contents
Symptoms and Transmission
Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) belongs to the Pneumoviridae family and is closely related to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). It primarily targets the respiratory system, causing mild to severe illnesses, particularly in young children, the elderly, and individuals with weakened immune systems.
The symptoms of HMPV are similar to those of other respiratory viruses. In mild cases, an individual may have fever, nasal congestion, cough, and sore throat, while in severe cases one can feel wheezing, difficulty in breathing, bronchitis, and pneumonia. HMPV spreads through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. It can also spread via contaminated surfaces and close personal contact, making it a virus that thrives in densely populated environments.
The Surge in HMPV Cases in China
Much like other respiratory infections, HMPV tends to peak during late winter and spring. Cold weather provides a more hospitable environment for viruses to thrive and enhances their transmission as people spend more time indoors with limited ventilation.
In northern China, the ongoing surge in HMPV cases aligns with the region’s chilly temperatures, which are expected to persist until March. Similarly, many other northern hemisphere countries, including the United States, are observing a seasonal rise in HMPV cases, according to Jacqueline Stephens, an epidemiologist at Flinders University in Australia.
“While this is concerning, the increased prevalence is likely the normal seasonal increase seen in winter” – Jacqueline Stephens, Epidemiologist, Flinders University (Australia)
The World Health Organization (WHO) is actively monitoring flu-like illnesses across the northern hemisphere. So far, it has not detected any unusual outbreak trends in China or other regions. Chinese authorities have also confirmed that the healthcare system remains stable, with no emergency declarations or extraordinary responses necessary at this time.
HMPV in India: A Growing Concern?
India, with its vast population and varied healthcare infrastructure, has also started seeing cases of HMPV, although the numbers remain comparatively low. Reports from hospitals in major cities like Delhi, Mumbai, and Bengaluru suggest that HMPV is on the rise, particularly during the winter months when respiratory infections are more common.
However, India’s robust surveillance systems, strengthened post-Covid-19, are keeping a close eye on the virus. While no large-scale outbreaks have been reported, experts caution that a lack of awareness and testing might mean that the true burden of HMPV in India is underestimated.
Factors such as high population density, air pollution, and inadequate healthcare access in rural areas could exacerbate the spread of HMPV if left unchecked.
Could HMPV Trigger Another Covid-Like Pandemic?
Comparisons between HMPV and Covid-19 are inevitable, given the deep impact of the pandemic. However, key distinctions suggest that HMPV is unlikely to trigger a similar global crisis. While HMPV spreads efficiently, its transmission rate (R0) is lower than that of SARS-CoV-2, and it is less likely to cause asymptomatic infections, making it easier to detect and control. The disease caused by HMPV is also generally less severe, with significantly lower hospitalisation and mortality rates. Most healthy individuals recover without medical intervention. Additionally, many people are exposed to HMPV during childhood, building partial immunity that makes reinfections milder.
The lessons of Covid-19 have strengthened global healthcare systems, enhancing surveillance, diagnostics, and public awareness, reducing the likelihood of HMPV catching the world off guard. Despite these factors, the rise in HMPV cases highlights the unpredictable nature of viral diseases, underscoring the importance of continued monitoring, especially in vulnerable populations.
The Vigilance and The Preparedness
To address the growing concern over HMPV, governments and healthcare systems across Asia must adopt a proactive and multi-pronged approach. Enhanced surveillance through regular monitoring and reporting can facilitate early detection of outbreaks, while public awareness campaigns are crucial for educating people about HMPV symptoms and preventive measures, such as hand hygiene and respiratory etiquette. Research into potential vaccines should also be prioritised, given the current lack of an HMPV vaccine. Additionally, strengthening healthcare systems to ensure accessible care, particularly in rural areas, is essential for managing any potential surge in cases effectively.
“The disease is already globally present and has been around for decades. This means people across the world have “some degree of existing immunity due to previous exposure” – Dr. Hsu Li Yang, Infectious Diseases Specialist (Singapore)
“Almost every child will have at least one infection with HMPV by their fifth birthday and we can expect to go onto to have multiple reinfections throughout life,” Paul Hunter, Medical Professor, University of East Anglia.
